Missing : and values in dictionary literals:. try blocks without except or finally blocks:. Many IndentationError exceptions now have more context regarding what kind of block was expecting an indentation, including the location of the statement:.

This is a common scenario in some REPLs like IPython. PEP brings more precise and reliable line numbers for debugging, profiling and coverage tools. Tracing events, with the correct line number, are generated for all lines of code executed and only for lines of code that are executed.

Structural pattern matching has been added in the form of a match statement and case statements of patterns with associated actions.

Patterns consist of sequences, mappings, primitive data types as well as class instances. Pattern matching enables programs to extract information from complex data types, branch on the structure of data, and apply specific actions based on different forms of data. A match statement takes an expression and compares its value to successive patterns given as one or more case blocks.

Specifically, pattern matching operates by:. using data with type and shape the subject. evaluating the subject in the match statement. comparing the subject with each pattern in a case statement from top to bottom until a match is confirmed. If an exact match is not confirmed and a wildcard case does not exist, the entire match block is a no-op.

Readers may be aware of pattern matching through the simple example of matching a subject data object to a literal pattern with the switch statement found in C, Java or JavaScript and many other languages.

More powerful examples of pattern matching can be found in languages such as Scala and Elixir. In the example below, status is the subject of the match statement. The patterns are each of the case statements, where literals represent request status codes.

The associated action to the case is executed after a match:. If no match exists, the behavior is a no-op. For example, if status of is passed, a no-op occurs.

Patterns can look like unpacking assignments, and a pattern may be used to bind variables. In this example, a data point can be unpacked to its x-coordinate and y-coordinate:. The first pattern has two literals, 0, 0 , and may be thought of as an extension of the literal pattern shown above.

The next two patterns combine a literal and a variable, and the variable binds a value from the subject point. If you are using classes to structure your data, you can use as a pattern the class name followed by an argument list resembling a constructor. This pattern has the ability to capture class attributes into variables:.

You can use positional parameters with some builtin classes that provide an ordering for their attributes e. Patterns can be arbitrarily nested. For example, if our data is a short list of points, it could be matched like this:.

For example:. If the guard is false, match goes on to try the next case block. Note that value capture happens before the guard is evaluated:. Like unpacking assignments, tuple and list patterns have exactly the same meaning and actually match arbitrary sequences.

Technically, the subject must be a sequence. Mapping patterns: {"bandwidth": b, "latency": l} captures the "bandwidth" and "latency" values from a dict. Unlike sequence patterns, extra keys are ignored. Subpatterns may be captured using the as keyword:. This binds x1, y1, x2, y2 like you would expect without the as clause, and p2 to the entire second item of the subject.

Most literals are compared by equality. However, the singletons True , False and None are compared by identity. Named constants may be used in patterns. These named constants must be dotted names to prevent the constant from being interpreted as a capture variable:.

For the full specification see PEP Motivation and rationale are in PEP , and a longer tutorial is in PEP The default encoding of TextIOWrapper and open is platform and locale dependent. Since UTF-8 is used on most Unix platforms, omitting encoding option when opening UTF-8 files e.

JSON, YAML, TOML, Markdown is a very common bug. To find this type of bug, an optional EncodingWarning is added. It is emitted when sys. See Text Encoding for more information. This section covers major changes affecting PEP type hints and the typing module. A new type union operator was introduced which enables the syntax X Y.

Union , especially in type hints. In previous versions of Python, to apply a type hint for functions accepting arguments of multiple types, typing. Union was used:. This new syntax is also accepted as the second argument to isinstance and issubclass :.

See Union Type and PEP for more details. Contributed by Maggie Moss and Philippe Prados in bpo , with additions by Yurii Karabas and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo The first is the parameter specification variable.

They are used to forward the parameter types of one callable to another callable — a pattern commonly found in higher order functions and decorators. Examples of usage can be found in typing. Previously, there was no easy way to type annotate dependency of parameter types in such a precise manner.

The second option is the new Concatenate operator. See typing. Callable , typing. ParamSpec , typing. Concatenate , typing. ParamSpecArgs , typing. ParamSpecKwargs , and PEP for more details. Contributed by Ken Jin in bpo , with minor enhancements by Jelle Zijlstra in bpo PEP written by Mark Mendoza.

PEP introduced the concept of type aliases, only requiring them to be top-level unannotated assignments. This simplicity sometimes made it difficult for type checkers to distinguish between type aliases and ordinary assignments, especially when forward references or invalid types were involved.

Now the typing module has a special value TypeAlias which lets you declare type aliases more explicitly:. See PEP for more details. Contributed by Mikhail Golubev in bpo TypeGuard has been added to the typing module to annotate type guard functions and improve information provided to static type checkers during type narrowing.

Contributed by Ken Jin and Guido van Rossum in bpo PEP written by Eric Traut. The int type has a new method int. Contributed by Niklas Fiekas in bpo The views returned by dict.

keys , dict. values and dict. items now all have a mapping attribute that gives a types. MappingProxyType object wrapping the original dictionary. Contributed by Dennis Sweeney in bpo PEP : The zip function now has an optional strict flag, used to require that all the iterables have an equal length.

Builtin and extension functions that take integer arguments no longer accept Decimal s, Fraction s and other objects that can be converted to integers only with a loss e.

Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo If object. Contributed by Alex Shkop in bpo Assignment expressions can now be used unparenthesized within set literals and set comprehensions, as well as in sequence indexes but not slices.

Contributed by Mark Shannon in bpo Two new builtin functions — aiter and anext have been added to provide asynchronous counterparts to iter and next , respectively. Contributed by Joshua Bronson, Daniel Pope, and Justin Wang in bpo Moreover, static methods are now callable as regular functions.

Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo Contributed by Batuhan Taskaya in bpo Class and module objects now lazy-create empty annotations dicts on demand. Contributed by Larry Hastings in bpo Hashes of NaN values of both float type and decimal.

Decimal type now depend on object identity. Formerly, they always hashed to 0 even though NaN values are not equal to one another. This caused potentially quadratic runtime behavior due to excessive hash collisions when creating dictionaries and sets containing multiple NaNs.

Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in bpo Contributed by Donghee Na in bpo They will be None if not determined. Contributed by Alex Grönholm in bpo Some tests might require adaptation if they rely on exact output match. The index method of array.

array now has optional start and stop parameters. Contributed by Anders Lorentsen and Zackery Spytz in bpo These modules have been marked as deprecated in their module documentation since Python 3. An import-time DeprecationWarning has now been added to all three of these modules.

Add base b32hexencode and base b32hexdecode to support the Base32 Encoding with Extended Hex Alphabet. Add clearBreakpoints to reset all set breakpoints. Contributed by Irit Katriel in bpo Added the possibility of providing a key function to the APIs in the bisect module.

Add a codecs. unregister function to unregister a codec search function. Contributed by Hai Shi in bpo Callable are now consistent with typing.

Callable generic now flattens type parameters, similar to what typing. Callable currently does. This means that collections. To allow this change, types.

GenericAlias can now be subclassed, and a subclass will be returned when subscripting the collections. Callable type. Note that a TypeError may be raised for invalid forms of parameterizing collections.

Callable which may have passed silently in Python 3. Contributed by Ken Jin in bpo Add a contextlib. aclosing context manager to safely close async generators and objects representing asynchronously released resources.

Contributed by Joongi Kim and John Belmonte in bpo Add asynchronous context manager support to contextlib. Contributed by Tom Gringauz in bpo Add AsyncContextDecorator , for supporting usage of async context managers as decorators. The extended color functions added in ncurses 6.

A new function, curses. Contributed by Jeffrey Kintscher and Hans Petter Jansson in bpo Contributed by Zackery Spytz in bpo Added slots parameter in dataclasses. dataclass decorator. Contributed by Yurii Karabas in bpo There are a number of ways of specifying keyword-only fields.

Here only birthday is keyword-only. See the full dataclasses documentation for details. This will probably be the most common usage:. Here, z and t are keyword-only parameters, while x and y are not. Contributed by Eric V.

Smith in bpo The entire distutils package is deprecated, to be removed in Python 3. Its functionality for specifying package builds has already been completely replaced by third-party packages setuptools and packaging , and most other commonly used APIs are available elsewhere in the standard library such as platform , shutil , subprocess or sysconfig.

There are no plans to migrate any other functionality from distutils , and applications that are using other functions should plan to make private copies of the code.

Refer to PEP for discussion. Contributed by Brett Cannon in bpo Contributed by Ethan Furman in bpo Add enum. StrEnum for enums where all members are strings. Add encoding and errors parameters in fileinput.

input and fileinput. Contributed by Inada Naoki in bpo The faulthandler module now detects if a fatal error occurs during a garbage collector collection. Add audit hooks for gc. The hashlib module requires OpenSSL 1. Contributed by Christian Heimes in PEP and bpo The hashlib module has preliminary support for OpenSSL 3.

Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo and other issues. In the future PBKDF2-HMAC will only be available when Python has been built with OpenSSL support. Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo Make IDLE invoke sys.

User hooks were previously ignored. Contributed by Ken Hilton in bpo Rearrange the settings dialog. Move help sources, which extend the Help menu, to the Extensions tab. Make space for new options and shorten the dialog.

The latter makes the dialog better fit small screens. Contributed by Terry Jan Reedy in bpo Move the indent space setting from the Font tab to the new Windows tab.

Contributed by Mark Roseman and Terry Jan Reedy in bpo Add a Shell sidebar. Left click and optional drag selects one or more lines of text, as with the editor line number sidebar. This zips together prompts from the sidebar with lines from the selected text. This option also appears on the context menu for the text.

Contributed by Tal Einat in bpo Use spaces instead of tabs to indent interactive code. Making this feasible was a major motivation for adding the shell sidebar. Apply syntax highlighting to. pyi files. Contributed by Alex Waygood and Terry Jan Reedy in bpo Include prompts when saving Shell with inputs and outputs.

Contributed by Terry Jan Reedy in gh metadata entry points now provide a nicer experience for selecting entry points by group and name through a new importlib.

EntryPoints class. See the Compatibility Note in the docs for more info on the deprecation and usage. Added importlib. Add inspect. It works around the quirks of accessing the annotations on various types of objects, and makes very few assumptions about the object it examines.

Relatedly, inspect. signature , inspect. This means inspect. signature and inspect. Add itertools. Add os. Contributed by Peixing Xin in bpo Add a new function os. eventfd and related helpers to wrap the eventfd2 syscall on Linux.

splice that allows to move data between two file descriptors without copying between kernel address space and user address space, where one of the file descriptors must refer to a pipe. realpath now accepts a strict keyword-only argument. Contributed by Barney Gale in bpo Add slice support to PurePath.

Contributed by Joshua Cannon in bpo Add negative indexing support to PurePath. Contributed by Yaroslav Pankovych in bpo Add Path. Add platform. org os-release standard file.

Contributed by sblondon in bpo pprint can now pretty-print dataclasses. dataclass instances. Contributed by Lewis Gaul in bpo Contributed by Gregory Schevchenko in bpo readmodule and pyclbr.

It matches the existing start lineno. Contributed by Aviral Srivastava in bpo The shelve module now uses pickle. Contributed by Tymoteusz Wołodźko in bpo The exception socket. timeout is now an alias of TimeoutError. The ssl module requires OpenSSL 1. The ssl module has preliminary support for OpenSSL 3.

Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo , bpo , bpo , bpo , bpo , bpo , bpo , and bpo Deprecated function and use of deprecated constants now result in a DeprecationWarning.

The deprecation section has a list of deprecated features. The ssl module now has more secure default settings. Ciphers without forward secrecy or SHA-1 MAC are disabled by default.

Security level 2 prohibits weak RSA, DH, and ECC keys with less than bits of security. SSLContext defaults to minimum protocol version TLS 1. The deprecated protocols SSL 3. Python does not block them actively. However OpenSSL build options, distro configurations, vendor patches, and cipher suites may prevent a successful handshake.

Add a timeout parameter to the ssl. The ssl module uses heap-types and multi-phase initialization. Contributed by l0x in bpo Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in bpo Add sys. Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo Add threading. gettrace and threading.

getprofile to retrieve the functions set by threading. settrace and threading. setprofile respectively. Contributed by Mario Corchero in bpo excepthook in case it is set to a broken or a different value.

Contributed by Zackery Spytz and Matthias Bussonnier in bpo Reintroduce the types. EllipsisType , types. NoneType and types. NotImplementedType classes, providing a new set of types readily interpretable by type checkers.

Contributed by Bas van Beek in bpo For major changes, see New Features Related to Type Hints. The behavior of typing. Literal was changed to conform with PEP and to match the behavior of static type checkers specified in the PEP.

Literal now de-duplicates parameters. Equality comparisons between Literal objects are now order independent. Literal comparisons now respect types. It is now False. To support this change, the internally used type cache now supports differentiating types.

Reach out to the hub owners. Get a pulse of how safe it is. Network with them. Know what is going on in the region. Any wardec corps nearby? If I was a hub owner, I would ofc tell you the station is strongly defended. A different portion of this site was linked above, but i wanted to put this here as well.

As for using player owned freeports, i have used them in the past, and not had any issue. That being said it was for very cheap bpos, with relatively short research times a few days to a week maybe and i was pretty sure the structure would still be there when it was finished.

For Ships, Capitals, Structures, just buy perfectly researched BPOs from the contracts market. Then use your science slots for copying them, so you can mass-build from the copies instead from the single-BPOs. Yes, they are sometimes double the price of unresearched ones, but you save YEARS of research time in which they generate profit for you.

Sometimes you have whole packs of BPOs offered here at the forums in the market section from people who stop their business and sell their assets. Assets like that are best kept together, safe.

Have seen more than one player ragequit over the years after losing the bpo library they spent like 7 years building because they thought they were safe to move it. I have spent years researching in both stations and structures, there are positives and negatives to both.

You WILL lose your own structures eventually and need to be able to react quickly in the event of a war dec they are a liability if you are not online daily, but b for structures compared to the value of your bpo library is negligible and the bonuses are nice.

May stand for 1 month or 1 year depending on where you put it but eventually some highsec wardeccing group will remove them. Easy and secure. Operating an Upwell structure solo is suicidal.

I guarantee someone will be along shortly to collect that Quantum Core you left floating in space! I also lost count at around 20 or so Upwell … and none of those even had a Quantum Core!

Make sure to login daily, and check the owning corp for wardecs. If the ownign corp has a wardec, cancel all your jobs and evac immediately. For big ticket BPO, use a NPC station. This is slow and costly, but safe.

This topic was automatically closed 90 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed. Mephiztopheleze Mephiztopheleze September 6, , am 2.